Everything about The Caucasian War totally explained
The
Caucasian War of 1817–1864, also known as the
Russian conquest of the Caucasus was an invasion of the
Caucasus by the
Russian Empire ended with the annexation of the areas of
North Caucasus to Russia. It constituted of a series of
military actions waged by Russia against a number of territories and tribal groups in
Caucasia including
Chechnya,
Dagestan and the
Adyghe (
Circassians) as Russia sought to expand southward.
The
Russian-Circassian War, a conflict between Russia and
Circassia, was part of the Caucasian War.
Other territories of Causasus (
Georgia,
Armenia and
Azerbaijan) were incorporated into the Russian empire at various times in 19th century as a result of Russian wars with the
Ottoman Empire and
Persia.
History
Three Russian
Tsars sparked the war:
Alexander I,
Nicholas I, and
Alexander II. The leading Russian commanders were
Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov in 1816–1827,
Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov in 1844–1853, and
Aleksandr Baryatinskiy in 1853–1856. The writers
Mikhail Lermontov and
Leo Tolstoy, who gained much of his knowledge and experience of war for his book
War and Peace from these encounters, took part in the hostilities, and the Russian poet
Alexander Pushkin referred to it in his Byronic poem
The Prisoner of Caucasus (1821).
The Russian invasion was met with fierce resistance. The first period coincidentally ended with the death of Alexander I and
Decembrist Revolt in 1825. It achieved surprisingly little success, especially as compared with the then recent
Russian victory over the "Great Army" of
Napoleon.
During 1825–1833 there was little activity, since Russia was engaged in its
wars with Turkey and
Persia. After considerable successes in both wars, Russia resumed fighting in the Caucasus. They were again met with resistance, notably led by
Ghazi Mollah,
Gamzat-bek and
Hadji Murad.
Imam Shamil followed them. He led the mountaineers from 1834 until his capture by
Dmitry Milyutin in 1859. In 1845, Shamil's forces achieved their most dramatic success when they withstood a major Russian offensive led by
Prince Vorontsov.
During the
Crimean War, the Russians brokered a truce with Shamil but hostilities resumed in 1855. Warfare in the Caucasus finally ended between 1856–1859, when a 250,000 strong army under
General Baryatinsky broke down the mountaineers' resistance.
The Caucasian War ended with Russia conquering the
North Caucasus and Shamil swearing allegiance to the Tsar and moving to live in Central Russia. The end was declared on
June 2 1864 (
May 21 O.S.),
1864, by Tsar's manifesto. Among the events after the end of the war, a tragic page in the history of the
indigenous peoples of the Caucasus was
Muhajirism, or
population transfer of the Muslim population into the
Ottoman Empire.
Further Information
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